The seventeen rare earth elements, or rare earth metals, their atomic number and symbol, the etymology of their names, and their main usages is provided below:
21
Sc
Scandium
from Latin Scandia (Scandinavia), where the first rare earth ore was discovered.
Aluminium-scandium alloy
39
Y
Yttrium
for the village of Ytterby, Sweden, where the first rare earth ore was discovered.
YAG garnet, YBCO high-temperature superconductors
57
La
Lanthanum
from the Greek "lanthanon", meaning I am hidden.
High refractive index glass, flint, hydrogen storage, battery-electrodes, camera lenses, fluid catalytic cracking catalyst for oil refineries
58
Ce
Cerium
for the dwarf planet Ceres.
Chemical oxidizing agent, polishing powder, yellow colors in glass and ceramics, catalyst for self-cleaning ovens, fluid catalytic cracking catalyst for oil refineries
59
Pr
Praseodymium
from the Greek "praso", meaning leek-green, and "didymos", meaning twin.
Rare-earth magnets, lasers, green colors in glass and ceramics, flint
60
Nd
Neodymium
from the Greek "neo", meaning new-one, and "didymos", meaning twin.
Rare-earth magnets, lasers, violet colors in glass and ceramics, ceramic capacitors
61
Pm
Promethium
for the Titan Prometheus, who brought fire to mortals.
Nuclear batteries
62
Sm
Samarium
for Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, who discovered the rare earth ore samarskite.
Rare-earth magnets, lasers, neutron capture, masers
63
Eu
Europium
for the continent of Europe.
Red and blue phosphors, lasers, mercury-vapor lamps
64
Gd
Gadolinium
for Johan Gadolin (1760–1852), to honor his investigation of rare earths.
Rare-earth magnets, high refractive index glass or garnets, lasers, x-ray tubes, computer memories, neutron capture
65
Tb
Terbium
for the village of Ytterby, Sweden.
Green phosphors, lasers, fluorescent lamps
66
Dy
Dysprosium
from the Greek "dysprositos", meaning hard to get.
Rare-earth magnets, lasers
67
Ho
Holmium
for Stockholm (in Latin, "Holmia"), native city of one of its discoverers.
Lasers
68
Er
Erbium
for the village of Ytterby, Sweden.
Lasers, vanadium steel
69
Tm
Thulium
for the mythological land of Thule.
Portable X-ray machines
70
Yb
Ytterbium
for the village of Ytterby, Sweden.
Infrared lasers, chemical reducing agent
71
Lu
Lutetium
for Lutetia, the city which later became Paris.
Metal alloys
Thursday, October 28, 2010
Friday, October 22, 2010
INTRODUCTION TO OPTIONS
Here is a great link to introduce you to options …. http://www.optionetics.com/education/detail.aspx?id=0
THE 5 GREEKS do not formulate the price of an option but ARE ESTIMATES of the impact to the option price from changes in the market environment. For the beginner, understand the theories of the 5 Greeks, but try to focus primarily on the impact from DELTA and THETA by following on a streamer an underlying stock and one of its options.
DELTA is rate of change in the price of an option for each $1 move in the underlying stock (sensitivity to SPEED)
THETA is rate of change as each calendar day passes (sensitivity to TIME DECAY)
VEGA is rate of change in option for each 1% change in implied volatility (sensitivity to VOLATILITY)
GAMMA is rate of change in delta for each $1 move in underlying (sensitivity to ACCELERATION)
RHO is the rate of change in price of option for each 1% move in interest rates (sensitivity to INTEREST RATES)
POPULAR OPTION STRATEGIES
CALL: A call option is the right, not the obligation, to BUY an asset at a fixed price before a predetermined date with the intention that the underlying stock price will rise before the predetermined expiration date.
PUT: A put option is the right, not the obligation, to SELL an asset at a fixed price before a predetermined date with the intention that the underlying stock price will decline before the predetermined expiration date.
SYNTHETIC CALL: Buy the stock and buy puts one or two strike prices OTM below the price paid for the stock. (one contract for every 100 shares of stock)
COVERED CALL: Buy the stock and sell calls one or two strike prices OTM higher than the price paid for the stock with approximately one month left to expiration. (one contract for every 100 shares of stock)
COLLAR: Buy the stock and buy Long term Equity Anticipation Securities (LEAPs) very close to the stock price and sell LEAP calls above the stock price. LEAPs are long term option expirations at least a year out. (one contract for every 100 shares of stock)
BULL CALL SPREAD: Buy lower strike calls and sell same number of higher strike calls with the same expiration date.
BULL PUT SPREAD: Buy lower strike puts and sell higher strike puts with the same expiration date.
BEAR CALL SPREAD: Buy higher strike calls and sell same number of lower strike calls with the same expiration date.
BEAR PUT SPREAD: Buy higher strike puts and sell lower strike puts with the same expiration date.
STRADDLE: Buying ATM strike puts and buying ATM strike calls with the same expiration date.
STRANGLES: Buying OTM strike puts and buying OTM strike calls with the same expiration date.
BUTTERFLY WITH CALLS: Buy 1 lower strike ITM call, sell 2 middle strike ATM calls, buy 1 higher strike OTM call.
BUTTERFLY WITH PUTS: Buy 1 lower strike OTM put, sell 2 middle strike ATM puts, buy 1 higher strike ITM put.
CONDOR WITH CALLS: Buy 1 lower strike ITM call, sell 1 lower middle strike ITM call, sell 1 higher middle strike OTM call, and buy 1 higher strike OTM call. (The distance between the four adjacent strikes should be equal, with the stock price being somewhere between the two middle strike prices)
CONDOR WITH PUTS: Buy 1 lower strike OTM put, sell 1 lower middle strike OTM put, sell 1 higher middle strike ITM put, and buy 1 higher ITM put. (The distance between the four adjacent strikes should be equal, with the stock price being somewhere between the two middle strike prices)
Option Strategy Notes for Market Behavior
When BUYING options you want to give yourself as much time as possible to be right.
When SELLING options you want as little time as possible to be wrong.
SYNTHETIC CALL insures a stock against falling fast.
COVERED CALL gets some income back while holding a stock over the medium term.
COLLAR is a low risk long term 18+ month strategy to capture a 20% return.
STRADDLE is when you're not sure of the stock direction but the move will be significant.
STRANGLE is cheap alternative to a straddle because OTM options have no intrinsic value.
BUTTERFLIES and CONDORS are for sideways range bound stocks.
THE 5 GREEKS do not formulate the price of an option but ARE ESTIMATES of the impact to the option price from changes in the market environment. For the beginner, understand the theories of the 5 Greeks, but try to focus primarily on the impact from DELTA and THETA by following on a streamer an underlying stock and one of its options.
DELTA is rate of change in the price of an option for each $1 move in the underlying stock (sensitivity to SPEED)
THETA is rate of change as each calendar day passes (sensitivity to TIME DECAY)
VEGA is rate of change in option for each 1% change in implied volatility (sensitivity to VOLATILITY)
GAMMA is rate of change in delta for each $1 move in underlying (sensitivity to ACCELERATION)
RHO is the rate of change in price of option for each 1% move in interest rates (sensitivity to INTEREST RATES)
POPULAR OPTION STRATEGIES
CALL: A call option is the right, not the obligation, to BUY an asset at a fixed price before a predetermined date with the intention that the underlying stock price will rise before the predetermined expiration date.
PUT: A put option is the right, not the obligation, to SELL an asset at a fixed price before a predetermined date with the intention that the underlying stock price will decline before the predetermined expiration date.
SYNTHETIC CALL: Buy the stock and buy puts one or two strike prices OTM below the price paid for the stock. (one contract for every 100 shares of stock)
COVERED CALL: Buy the stock and sell calls one or two strike prices OTM higher than the price paid for the stock with approximately one month left to expiration. (one contract for every 100 shares of stock)
COLLAR: Buy the stock and buy Long term Equity Anticipation Securities (LEAPs) very close to the stock price and sell LEAP calls above the stock price. LEAPs are long term option expirations at least a year out. (one contract for every 100 shares of stock)
BULL CALL SPREAD: Buy lower strike calls and sell same number of higher strike calls with the same expiration date.
BULL PUT SPREAD: Buy lower strike puts and sell higher strike puts with the same expiration date.
BEAR CALL SPREAD: Buy higher strike calls and sell same number of lower strike calls with the same expiration date.
BEAR PUT SPREAD: Buy higher strike puts and sell lower strike puts with the same expiration date.
STRADDLE: Buying ATM strike puts and buying ATM strike calls with the same expiration date.
STRANGLES: Buying OTM strike puts and buying OTM strike calls with the same expiration date.
BUTTERFLY WITH CALLS: Buy 1 lower strike ITM call, sell 2 middle strike ATM calls, buy 1 higher strike OTM call.
BUTTERFLY WITH PUTS: Buy 1 lower strike OTM put, sell 2 middle strike ATM puts, buy 1 higher strike ITM put.
CONDOR WITH CALLS: Buy 1 lower strike ITM call, sell 1 lower middle strike ITM call, sell 1 higher middle strike OTM call, and buy 1 higher strike OTM call. (The distance between the four adjacent strikes should be equal, with the stock price being somewhere between the two middle strike prices)
CONDOR WITH PUTS: Buy 1 lower strike OTM put, sell 1 lower middle strike OTM put, sell 1 higher middle strike ITM put, and buy 1 higher ITM put. (The distance between the four adjacent strikes should be equal, with the stock price being somewhere between the two middle strike prices)
Option Strategy Notes for Market Behavior
When BUYING options you want to give yourself as much time as possible to be right.
When SELLING options you want as little time as possible to be wrong.
SYNTHETIC CALL insures a stock against falling fast.
COVERED CALL gets some income back while holding a stock over the medium term.
COLLAR is a low risk long term 18+ month strategy to capture a 20% return.
STRADDLE is when you're not sure of the stock direction but the move will be significant.
STRANGLE is cheap alternative to a straddle because OTM options have no intrinsic value.
BUTTERFLIES and CONDORS are for sideways range bound stocks.
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